In what ways does a consideration of interdependence challenge the Essay

In what ways does a consideration of interdependence challenge the realist analysis of the prospects for international co-operation in pursuit of absolute gains - Essay Example The very fact that a new world order has emerged following the collapse of Soviet Union in particular and the Communist Bloc in general demands a shift in our focus of attention while analysing the interactions of the states. The very nature of nation-states itself has profoundly changed. The mutations on sovereignty of nation-states, which are caused by neoliberal globalisation, are unprecedented and apparently irreversible. New institutions have emerged at the international level and they exert greater influence over the policy formulations even by the nation-states that are marginally integrated to the world market. Tradionally, the international system has been indeed seen as a world of sovereign states. States have the monopoly of power within a given territory and claim to represent the interests of the subjects of its rule. A state is primary unit at the international level. Constitutional independence is a defining character of a legitimate state. All states are considered equal in front of the international law. As opposed to the theoretical situation, we can see that the interactions between and among the states at the international level do involves relations of power. Many theorists of international politics have observed that powerful states are able to incorporate their desired ends to the international laws and mobilise what they want from the other states that have lesser resources. The very conception of political is different for realism and liberalism. The political is conceived as the means to certain ideals in liberal theory such as democracy and liberty. Antagonistically, realism sees politics as characterised by conflict. Realism is also known as political realism. Classical realism, neorealism and neoclassical realism are the major varieties of realist thinking. On the other hand, liberal

The mission, values and stakeholders of TESCO

The mission, values and stakeholders of TESCO 1.0 The successful path way to Tesco Tesco started life in 1919 when Jack Cohen started selling surplus groceries from a stall in the East End of London. Mr. Cohen made a profit of  £1 from sales of  £4 on his first day. The Tesco brand first appeared five years later in 1924 when he bought a shipment of tea from a Mr. T. E Stockwell. The initials and letters were combined to form Tes-co and in 1929 Mr. Cohen opened the flagship Tesco store in Burnt Oak, North London. The brand continued its rise in the 1930s when Mr. Cohen built a headquarters and warehouse in North London and in 1932 Tesco became a private limited company. In 1947 Tesco Stores (Holdings) Ltd floated on the stock exchange with a share price of 25p. Tesco showed its expansionary zeal early on by buying up rival shops. In the 1950s the retailer bought 70 Williams stores and 200 Harrow stores, followed by 97 Charles Philips stores and the Victor Value chain in the early 1960s.During the 60s supermarkets started to expand rapidly by selling more products in ever larger stores. In 1961 Tesco Leicester entered the Guinness Book of Records as the largest store in Europe and in 1968 Tesco opened its first superstore in Crawley, West Sussex. Supermarkets revolutionized the way people shopped and by the 1970s Tesco was building a national store network to cover the whole of the UK, which it continues to expand to this day, while also diversifying into other products. In 1974 Tesco opened its first petrol stations, and would become the UKs largest independent petrol retailer. By 1979 total sales topped  £1bn, and by 1982 sales had doubled to more than  £2bn.In 1987 Tesco successfully completed a hostile takeover of supermarket rival H illiards for  £220m. In the 1990s Tesco continued to tighten its grip on the UK with more store openings and an aggressive marketing campaign in an attempt to overtake Sainsburys as the UKs leading grocer. In 1992, the company launched is slogan every little helps, followed by the Tesco Value range in 1993. This was followed by the launch of the Tesco Club card scheme in 1995, helping Tesco to overtake rival Sainsburys as the UKs largest food retailer.1996 saw the retailer introduce its first 24-hour store while it also expanded overseas opening shops in Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. In 1997 Tesco appointed Sir Terry Leahy as chief executive.Tesco.com was launched in 2000 and the supermarket continued to expand its range of products, which now includes clothes, electrical and personal finance products. In 2004 Tesco entered the broadband market. Two years ago, in 2006, the retailer announced ambitious plans to open stores in the US under the name Fresh and Easy and funded by existing resources. Tesco now operates in 13 countries. Today it reported that group sales were  £51.8bn in the year to February 23 2008. Pre-tax profit rose to  £2.8bn. In 2008 the retail giant took its conquest of the UK one step further by buying up some rival Somerfield stores on remote islands in Scotland, giving Tesco a presence in every single postcode area in the country. As it stands there is only one postcode in the UK in Harrogate in North Yorkshire which does not have a Tesco. At present year 2010 Tesco operates Business Development Commercial Clothing Commercial Food Commercial Non-food Hard lines Corporate Legal Affairs Corporate Marketing Corporate Purchasing Finance Group Security Loss Prevention Information Technology Operations Development Personnel Property Supply Chain / Store Ordering Telecoms Tesco Mobile UK Support Office Distribution Pharmacy Clothing Tesco Bank Tesco.com Identify Toscos Mission, values Of Tesco and key characteristics. Identify key stakeholders of Tesco and show how its stakeholders have influenced these Values and objectives 1.1.1 Definition of Mission, values and key objectives Mission Mission statement is the reason for a company to exist this present business environment. It always makes to feel and belief the top management going in a right path in an organization. Charles Handy (1976) says, A good mission statement inspires employees and provides a focus and direction for setting lower level objectives. Mission statement has to guide employees in making decisions and establish what the organization does. Mission statements are acting a major part in progress of the organization. Value Values are deep-seated beliefs about what is accurate and off beam, and what is imperative and inconsequential. The values held within an organization have an important influence on its goals and the ways, which it works. Last but not the least it represents the institutional philosophy and sustain to the organization. Hales, C. (1993) Objectives Mission, purpose or standard that can be practically achieved within the expected timeframe and with the offered resources, In broad-spectrum, an objective is broader in scope than a goal, and may comprise of several different goals. Objectives are the most basic planning tools underlying all forecast and strategic activities. They serve as the basis for policy and performance appraisals, and act as bond that binds the entire organization mutually. Charles Handy (1976) 1.1.2 Mission, values and key objectives of Tesco Mission of TESCO The mission statement of TESCO PLC is Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty. Value of TESCO The value of the TESCO classified into two groups those are: No-one tries harder for customers: Understand customers. Be first to meet their needs. Act responsibly for our communities Treat people as we like to be treated: Work as a team. Trust and respect each other. Listen, support and say thank you. Share knowledge and experience. www.tesco.com access on (01.11.2010) Objective of TESCO All of Tescos objectives unify in with each other. For example; the business will not have any customers if the business is not operating well. Share holders will not invest money in the business, if the business hasnt got any customers. The company will not be able to afford to have any employees working for them if they havent got money being invested in the business. So the objective of the Tesco changes over a period of time due to a range of reasons. Some of these reasons are listed beneath: Competition: Tesco might like to change their objectives, if another competitor moves in the same area. For instance, if Tesco is making a profit of per book, their books might not sell, because the competitor is selling their books cheaper. So in order for the business to survive they would have to put the prices down. For that, Tesco will have to change its objectives probably from making a lot of profit to making enough profit to survive. Internet: Internet is becoming a trend for everyone, so Tesco decided to take an advantage from it and decided to make a website through which they can sell online. Tesco will change their objectives from making sure they get everyone from the local area to buy from them, to selling to everyone in the whole country. It is a social benefit for Tesco. Diversify into non food: Since Tesco has diversified from being a store that only sold food to a non-food supermarket; they have changed their objectives from competing with only markets that sold food to competing with everyone who sells anything, from cars to mobile phone lines. Go for multinational: Since Tesco made their market into an international market; they have changed their objective from, being the leading market in England to being the leading market around the globe. www.tesco.com access on (01.11.2010) 1.2 Definition of Stakeholder These are the specific people or groups who have an interest or a partial stake in the products and services an organization provides. Internal stakeholders include management, other employees, administrators, etc. External stakeholders could include suppliers, investors, community groups and government organizations. Clients / customers are stakeholders as well. 1.2.1 Tesco achieves the objectives of three stakeholders Tesco mainly operates with following stakeholders those are: Customers: Customer Question Time meetings are precious like diamond which is cut and polished. Staff hears customers views on everything from how they are serving customers in their stores to their role in the community. Staff: Staff gives the company their feedback through the Viewpoint staff survey, Staff Question Time sessions and by Staff Forum process. Suppliers: Tesco core value is treat people how we like to be treated, and its something they apply firmly to their supplier to grip the relationship www.tescocorporate.com access on (01.11.2010) 1.3 Responsibilities of Tesco and strategies employed to meet them Tesco are committed to having a constructive dialogue with stakeholders to ensure that they understand what is important to stake holder and allow there selves the opportunity to present their position. Engagement helps them to identify new risks and opportunities to ensure that their long-term strategy is sustainable. In some instances they find that working with stakeholders in partnership can help deliver shared goals. They might not be able to satisfy all stakeholder concerns all the time but through engagement they can do their best to balance competing demands. Tesco know that customers need to be able to trust their business and stakeholder will only trust them if they believe that they are engaging on an appropriate basis with their stakeholders. Tesco programmed of engaging with stakeholders including customers, staff, suppliers, investors, government, regulators, non-governmental organizations and others, there 472,000 employees serve millions of customers around the world. Tesco look after and develop them so they can look after their customers. No one tries harder for customers. Tesco: work as a team trust and respect each other listen, support and say thank you share knowledge and experience Training and development Rewards and benefits Diversity and inclusion Communication Customer service training Health and safety Schoemaker, Paul J.H. (1992) 2.1. Write a report how different economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources of manufacturing industry. 2.1.1. Definition of Economic System An economic system is one that a society attempts to meet peoples material needs and wants through the production of goods and services. From the countrys point of view, production of goods and services is influenced by the limited supply of such elements as labor, land and natural resources and capital. The scarcity of supply of resources means that the Government has to decide the allocation of these limited resources among competing claims, given the opportunity costs associated with the decision of producing a certain products and services within the economy systems instead of others. The economic system can be classified into four main groups those are Traditional economy: Where decisions about what, how and for whom to produce are based on custom and tradition Free market economy: Where households own resources and free markets allocate resources through the workings of the price mechanism.   An increase in demand raises price and encourage firms to switch additional resources into the production of that good or service   Planned or command economy:   In a planned or command system typically associated with a socialist or communist economic system, scarce resources are owned by the state (i.e. the government). The state allocates resources, and sets production targets and growth rates according to its own view of peoples wants Mixed economy: In a mixed economy, some resources are owned by the public sector (government) and some resources are owned by the private sector. The public sector typically supplies public, quasi-public and merit goods and intervenes in markets to correct perceived market failure Charles Handy (1976). 2.1.2 Definition of manufacturing industry Manufacturing industry refers to the industries which involve in the manufacturing and processing of items and pander to in either creation of new commodities or in value accumulation. The manufacturing industry accounts for a significant share of the industrial sector in developed countries. The final products can either serves as a finished good for sale to customers or as intermediate goods used in the production process. 2.1.3 Economic systems attempt to allocate and make effective use of resources of manufacturing industry. As if I take Tesco as the manufacturing industry there are Different approaches or economies systems are adopted by different countries. Free market economy: government intervention is kept to the minimum while supply and demand and the ability to pay influence decision making. Most decisions are based on market mechanism. For e.g. Tesco sells their own brand goods and service to their own value (Tesco value food, electronics, other Tesco branded items). Command economy: resources are centrally planned and controlled by the government. This, however, means that no freedom for individuals to choose what they produce and what they consume for e.g. Tesco has been instructed by government not to sell Tobacco and alcohol under the age of 18. Mixed economy: A mixed economy combines elements of both free private enterprises and intervention, in varying general external appearance by the state. And also the producing industry will be stable where as the company owned by the public sector (government) and private sector for e.g. the Individual savings Account. www.tesco.com accessed on 01.11.2010 2.2 Explain what is social welfare and industrial policy initiatives 2.2.1 Define Social welfare and how to initiative CSCI (2005) recommends the social welfare is also known as charity programs that lending hand for the needy people and also social welfare helps to develop the environment, education and orphanage. Social welfare does not mean that the deed has to be done by only cash even by planting trees cleaning the surrounding areas donating to the blood campaign visiting to the orphanage to make the children and elders feel happy for example Social welfare policies (Issuing Free Computer) Science has invented many things. The triumphs of science are too many to be counted. Some of the latest triumphs of science are really wonderful. They are quite remarkable discoveries. It has made our life easier by the computer a few years ago. It is considered as the brains of the human beings. It has opened up new vistas. These can make any number of calculations, modes of particulars hypothetical situations can be produced studied. Further to the above mention statement there are people in some places where they have not even seen the computer for their lifetime so in this modern universe they wont be able to survive for those people issuing free computer and educate them in that field. 2.2.2 Industrial policy initiatives (Insurance policy) Suitable accounting financial procedure are adopted to demonstrate current financial viability and to ensure there is effective and efficient management of business. It will service users are safeguarded by the accounting and financial procedure of the industry. Insurance cover is put in place against loss or damage to the assets to the business. Records are kept of all transactions entered into by the registered person There is a business and financial plan for establishment, open to inspection and reviewed annually Insurance cover also act when there is a emergency period such like disaster or loss in the operation Insurance cover is provided for business interruption costs including loss of earnings as well as costs to operator of meeting its contrast liabilities. 2.3 How above mentioned social welfare and industrial policy initiatives can make an impact on an organization and wider community whose main product is computer games? Commercial computer games may be fun and engaging but many critics fear that employing computer games within the classroom may have a negative impact upon learning. Some of the key disadvantages and potential pitfalls of using computer games within an educational context are listed below. Excessive gaming can result in low self-esteem and aggressive attitudes and behaviors such as gambling and stealing to finance play. (Ellis 1990; Anderson and Dill 2000) Computer games can distract from learning as players concentrate on the objective of completing the game rather than using them as a learning tool. As Clarke (2003) observes; computer games require the suspension of disbelief, it may be difficult to retain learning acquired in that state. Excessive time spent gaming could negatively impact on schoolwork (Griffiths 1996). Computer games may have a negative impact upon impressionable young children who are particularly susceptible to copying behaviors and may struggle to distinguish b etween reality and a computer generated environment. Subrahmanyam et al. (2001) suggest that in order for a pupils skills to be enhanced through game playing, players must possess them to some degree already. Stoll (1999) suggests that; time spent in front of a screen could instead be spent, for example engaged in a sport or social activity Loftus and Loftus, (1983) suggest that excessive game playing can cause physical symptoms such as soreness in joints. In many games characters and environments tend to be violent and have stereotyped. Such games can encourage negative and socially unacceptable behaviors such as violence and aggression. (Cooper Mackie 1986) . Some games which are highly engaging and motivational can become addictive (Anderson ford, 1986), and lead to social isolation, (Selnow, 1984) low self-esteem (Dominick, 1984) and poor social interaction skills. The majority of computer games are gender specific. The vast majority of games are male orientated and this may a lienate female gamers and pupils alike. 2.4. You are supposed to select a UK based organization and describe how to evaluate the impact of macroeconomic policy measures and the influence of the global economy on that organizations and stakeholders 2.4.1 Define Macroeconomic The field of economics known as macroeconomics focuses on the behaviors of a national economy, or a regional economy, as a whole. Macroeconomics is a very general field that concerns itself primarily with large scale indicators, such as unemployment rates, and with the creation of models meant to explain relationships between those indicators. Macroeconomics is also considered the complement to microeconomics, which studies the actions of individuals rather than larger scales. 2.4.2 Impact on the on the UK based Organization by the macroeconomic As the above cash study referring to the UK Based organization I am willing to take Marks and Spencer Clothing sector and there stake holder to give you a clear picture how the macroeconomic effect. Pakistan Cloth Exporters Srilanka Cloth Exporters Marks Spencer Clothing Sector China Cloth Exporters India Cloth Exporters Sri Lankan economy has registered a strong growth in the first decade of 21st century, despite suffering civil war from 1983 to 2009 and some major natural disasters. Further to this action srilanka has stopped the exporting to the United Kingdom. Similarly recent disaster in Pakistan and china has stopped distributing their cloth materials to United Kingdom. As provided issue those three countries are unable to export the textile from their own nation but india did not effected so india textile exporters are well aware of the problems the other countries facing so the next step of them will be raising the demand by increasing the value for their product as in the side of marks and Spenser textile sector have no option to go for so they accept the demand of india and marks Spenser buy there textile By getting for the higher price Marks Spencer does not have any option rather than increasing the value from  £4 to  £7 because of this action marks and Spencer will be losing their customer. 2.4.3 Impact on the on the Stakeholder by the macroeconomic Dissatisfaction customer Loosing customer Loyalty Quality Service Risk of losing internal stakeholder Increasing demand on local suppliers Unemployment Increase in the bargaining power of customer and suppliers Losing the shareholder Brand of the company 3.1. What is perfect competition? Select a suitable market structure in practice within your country and briefly explain it and how it deviates from the model of perfect competition 3.1.1 Perfect Competition Perfect competition is a theoretical market structure. It is primarily used as a benchmark against which other market structures are  compared. Perfect competition is an idealized market structure that is not observed in the real world. While unrealistic, it does provide an excellent starting point that can be used to analyze real world market structures. In particular, perfect competition efficiently allocates resources. Perfect competition is a theoretical market structure. Porter, M.E (1980) A market structure in which the following five criteria are met: 1. All firms sell an identical product. 2. All firms are price takers. 3. All firms have a relatively small market share. 4. Buyers know the nature of the product being sold and the prices charged by each firm. 5. The industry is characterized by freedom of entry and exit. Porter, M.E (1980) Further to the above mention detail the below examples might help Mobitel Dialog    Identical product: Mobitel Upahara Dialog Blaster    Free Minutes          :    1000 1000 After 1000 to          :                Rs 0.5 Rs 2.0 Mobitel/Dialog After 1000 to          :          Rs 0.5       Rs 3.0 Other fixed After 1000 to          :             Rs 3.0 Rs 3.0 Other Mobile Monthly Rental      :                Rs 240.0                                                       Rs 300.0 Connection                :                      Rs 1500.0                                                    Rs 1500.0 Share percentage : 47.1% 23.5% Freedom of entry And exit : No Yes Source: Dialog and mobitel websites The reason why the mobitel doesnt have freedom to exit because they are collaborated with government where as the dialog is owned by Malaysian government so they can exit the business whenever they need. 3.2 The relationship between market forces and organizational responses Forces of demand and supply representing the aggregate influence of self-interested buyers and sellers on price and quantity of the goods and services offered in a market. In general, excess-demand causes prices and quantity of supply to rise, and excess supply causes them to fall. http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/market-forces.html#ixzz175PFaeVF accessed on 02.11.2010 For example We will take a Tooth paste product for Boots pharmacy in the UK. I am going to analyze how Boots Oral Hygiene department will respond to the market forces. Another reason for seeing the market in terms of market segments is that it allows the business to concentrate on what it is best at. Each of these matching processes is composed of the Marketing Mix. (Kotler and Dubois 1994) Product Price Product base Place Promotion In the above marketing mix the first 4Ps will apply to products base, additional 3Ps will be apply to service base company. However Boots is the Product and service base organisation. Boots provides and take care the people oral hygiene. Product Products are only bought if they bring the benefits that the customer wants. According to Antil (1988) every product has a life cycle. It goes through five stages, Sales grow slowly at the introduction stage when the product is new on the market and few people know of it. Then sales increases rapidly during the growth phase, it is now that competitors enter the market and promote their own products. Sooner or later the rate growth slows. This is the maturity period. And then the market finally declines and the product in its existing form becomes unprofitable. Source: Ansoff (1987) Corporate Strategy Boots Toothpaste is the product offers different kind of features, for example fight against cavity, plaque, tartar and gum problems. Boots has toothpaste for kids, for white teeth, smokers. Boots toothpaste will prevent tooth cavities, exposed root cavities, Fight against bad breath, reduce plaque, reduce gum problems, Strengthen weak tooth enamel, and remove stains. According to Boots annual report (2010) the Oral hygiene products are the fastest growing sector in Europe and in the pharmacies. Boots stores in the UK have seen a 6.2%increase in sales value for their total oral care, Sales continuing show positive growth year on year. 50% of the sales are incremental proving that these brands (Oral Hygiene products) will have positive effect on sales performance. Place: The Boots toothpaste mainly in any Boots chemist, drugstore or pharmacy. Is the Toothpaste available in the right quantities, in the right place, at the right time? Distribution of finished goods which feeds the raw materials to the manufacturer, and there also the internal distribution which occurs within the supplying company itself. Place involves marketing channels through which company reaches its customers getting the right products to the customer at right time. The ultimate purpose of any distribution plan is to make the right goods available to the customer at the right time. And also boots can place their products at departmental stores, shopping mall, Target retailers. Boots toothpaste (New products). Product should store in a clearly labeled area until the date of implementation. Price: How much customers willing to pay? Pricing of product can be illustrated by the Boston grid. During the lifecycle a successful product will progress from the wild cat through the star stage and ultimately become a cash cow. During that process the earning capacity of the product rises. Pricing plan must take account of the role individual products play in the corporate strategy of the company, when a product is new and also during the high growth phase of the product life cycle, price tends not to the customers primary consideration. Demand is high. Price is one of the most obvious indications of the value is placed on a product. Price is taken as an indication of quality. Price can be fix according to its quality, and the quantity of the tube size. Boots should be care full about the fixing price for the toothpaste to get competitive advantage. The UK populations have clear perceptions about price of the product. If it is very low price customer may think the product is low quality, if price is too high they want new product like Boots toothpaste, customers prone to purchase their other familiar product. In that case we need to be balance while fixing the price and also can promote electronic sensitive brush with toothpaste.Boots also can consider remaining 3Ps. Promotion: How Boots can inform or educate groups of customers about its product. Delivering desired message to target group. Innovation within the power toothbrush sector. Like buy one toothpaste gets one toothbrush. Free leaflets, magazine to people about oral hygiene, mouth care etc. Encouraging better oral hygiene routines Boots also can promote to the mix, with gum and mints competing in the oral health and health supplement market. Price promotion to get a competitive advantage Television Advertising (Short) 3. 3 Explain the behavior and competitive strategies employed by an organization and discuss the role of the Competition Commission and regulatory bodies I have taken the same example of Boots oral hygiene product competitive strategies and organization behavior Competitive Analysis Model for Boots Toothpaste plus This model also will help to identify the competitive advantage or differential advantage of the product or company Competitive resources Factors to take into consideration Competitive Superiority Test Its all about research and development for the product before do marketing plan, It determine the competitive advantage. Most marketing department find difficult to convince finance director of that particular company to implement the market plan. The Finance director will argue why should we take risk to developed some product which unsure. Financing directors are act as risk averter. Imitation Test It will reduce the research development cost by imitate the product (existing product) rather than find new. Duration Test Measures to what extent our resources will be produced in the future. This will include such factors as recruitment and training in relation to competitors. Appropriateness Test Boots have enough supplier for its manufacturing department, Can take ingredients from smith blend for prepare the toothpaste for elderly Substitutability Test By introducing Boots Toothpaste Plus, Boots will be a market leader and make competitive advantage. Its something doing different that their competitors Role of the Competition Commission and regulatory bodies The CC replaced the Monopolies and Mergers Commission in 1999, following the Competition Act 1998. The Enterprise Act 2002 introduced a new regime for the assessment of mergers and markets in the UK. The CCs legal role is now clearly focused on competition issues, replacing a wider public interest test in the previous regime. The Enterprise Act also gave the CC remedial powers to direct companies to take certain actions to improve competition; in the previous regime its role was simply to make recommendations to Government.   http://www.competition-commission.org.uk/about_us/ accessed on 11.11.2010 4.1 as a business analyst write a report to g

Interesting people in History: Bjork :: essays research papers

Bjà ¶rk first came to prominence as one of the lead vocalists of the avant-pop Icelandic sextet the Sugarcubes, but when she launched a solo career after the group's 1992 demise, she quickly eclipsed her old band's popularity. Instead of following in the Sugarcubes' arty guitar rock pretensions, Bjà ¶rk immersed herself in dance and club culture, working with many of the biggest names in the genre, including Nellee Hooper, Underworld, and Tricky. Debut, her first solo effort (except for an Icelandic-only smash released when she was just 11 years old), not only established her new artistic direction, but it became an international hit, making her one of the '90s most unlikely stars. Though the title of Debut implied that it was Bjà ¶rk's first-ever solo project, she had actually been a professional vocalist since she was a child. When she was in elementary school in Reykjavik, she studied classical piano and, eventually, her teachers submitted a tape of her singing Tina Charles' "I Love to Love" to Iceland's Radio One. After "I Love to Love" was aired, a record label called Falkkin offered Bjà ¶rk a record contract. At the age of 11, her eponymous first album was released; the record contained covers of several pop songs, including the Beatles' "Fool on the Hill," and boasted artwork from her mother and guitar work from her stepfather. Bjà ¶rk became a hit within Iceland and was not released in any other country. Bjà ¶rk's musical tastes were changed by the punk revolution of the late '70s; in 1979, she formed a post-punk group called Exodus and, in the following year, she sang in Jam 80. In 1981, Bjà ¶rk and Exodus bassist Jakob Magnusson formed Tappi Tikarrass, which released an EP, Bitid Fast I Vitid, on Spor later that year; it was followed by the full-length Miranda in 1983. Following Tappi Tikarrass, she formed the goth-tinged post-punk group KUKL with Einar Orn Benediktsson. KUKL released two albums, The Eye (1984) and Holidays in Europe (1986), on Crass Records before the band metamorphosed into the Sugarcubes in the summer of 1986. The Sugarcubes became one of the rare Icelandic bands to break out of their native country when their debut album, Life's Too Good, became a British and American hit in 1988. For the next four years, the group maintained a successful cult following in the U.K. and the U.S. while they were stars within Iceland. During 1990, Bjà ¶rk recorded a set of jazz standards and originals with an Icelandic bebop group called Trio Gudmundar Ingolfssonar.

Football player Essay

The amount of extra oxygen required by muscle tissue during recovery from vigorous exercise. The extra oxygen gets rid of the lactic acid in your muscles after exercise. Difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Training The main difference between aerobic and anaerobic training is that one uses oxygen whilst the other uses lactic acid. Aerobic training uses the oxygen in your muscles to produce the energy. To improve the amount of time which you are able to train at aerobic level you can do aerobic exercises, these are normally done at a moderate pace which your body can cope with. On the other hand anaerobic training is when the oxygen in your muscles run out so you rely on lactic acid to give you energy. The energy released does not last for long however is very powerful. The lactic acid causes your muscles to start aching though and can result in vomiting. Anaerobic respiration occurs when you work your body flat out and use all the energy available. Effect of Lactic Acid on the muscles Lactic acid is a waste product that is produced by your muscles when exercising. When the body has no oxygen left in the muscles it has to revert to anaerobic respiration which uses lactic acid to form energy. The lactic acid though makes your muscles ache and tire so is not very efficient. Difference in composition between inhaled and exhaled air The air that we breathe in and the air which we breathe out, have different compositions. The main difference is that in exhaled air there is more carbon dioxide compared with inhaled air where there is more oxygen. However in both types nitrogen is the highest percentage. Here are the components of inhaled air, 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, a little water vapour,0. 04% carbon dioxide whereas exhaled air contains79% nitrogen17% oxygen3% carbon dioxide, a little water vapour. As you can see from the two lists they are basically the same however there is more carbon dioxide and less oxygen in exhaled air. Effects of exercise on breathing and heart rate A lot of exercise can also affect your respiratory and circulatory system, because your heart gets bigger due to aerobic training, it is now a better pump so more blood can be circulated around your body per beat than before. This also means that your resting heart rate decreases. A sign of good health is whether you have a low heart rate. The average is 70BPM (beats per minute), if you are unhealthy then your heart will have to work harder to pump blood all around your body which makes heart attacks more likely. Effects of Training In this section I will explain the effects on the body that I will expect to see when my Personal Exercise Plan has been completed over the 6 weeks. After completing my PEP my muscles should change in size and strength due to the exercises I have chosen. The muscles should grow larger with the exercise because the muscle fibres in the muscle will get fatter. Muscles are built from fibres which are either fast twitch or slow twitch. The strength of the muscle should also improve with exercise, by doing exercises with heavy weights and few reps the muscle strength will be increased. If I changed the exercise to many reps with a light weight then my muscles will gain more endurance. But as I am a goalkeeper then I will not concentrate as much on the endurance training. Changes to Vital Capacity and Tidal Volume in the lungs From completing my 6 week training routine I should be able to see changes in my Vital Capacity and Tidal Volume. VC= Your Vital Capacity is the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs. TV= Your Tidal Volume is all the air inhaled and exhaled in a minute. With training the respiratory system I will expect to see an increase in both of these factors. These increases are down to the lungs as training on my respiratory system will make them bigger so I will be able to inhale and exhale more air per breath. SV = Stroke Volume is the volume of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction. Due to exercise this should increase as your heart will be stronger, therefore it will be able to pump a larger volume of blood around the body. CO = Cardiac Output is the amount of blood which is pumped from your heart each minute. This can be worked out by multiplying your stroke volume with your heart rate. This should also increase with exercise, by the same reasons as your stroke volume increases, as your heart is stronger. Recovery rate = Your recovery rate is the amount of time it takes you to fully recover after exercise. The fitter you are the shorter your recovery rate is. As I am a goalkeeper I will not be concentrating on this too much as it is not that important, although for an outfield player it is very important. SPORT Principles of training The main principles of training are shown in the acronym SPORT, by using these in my PEP I should end up with a successful training programme. The different sections are: S= Specificity Specificity means that I will train specific muscles used in my sport. This could include exercises and drills that relate to moves and skills I need in football as a goalkeeper. I will specify flexibility and muscular strength as these are the two components most vital for my sport. P= Progression Progression is when you gradually increase the amount or intensity of your exercise. This will improve your muscles as you are increasing the amount of work they do. An example of progression is starting week 1 with a 2 mile run once a week then progressing to a 3 mile run in week 2. O= Overload Fitness can only be improved by doing more than you usually do. This is called overloading. You must be careful though as if you do too much training you will end up injuring yourself. An example is doubling the distance of your runs or doubling the weight of your weights. R= Reversibility Reversibility occurs when you do not train . As your muscles are not being worked they will begin to weaken. All the improvements you have made from training will be reversed. For example if a sportsman becomes injured and is unable to train they will lose their work. So that reversibility does not affect me I will have 3 training sessions per week. T= Tedium Tedium is when you become bored with your training, this is because your training plan does not have much variety and you end up doing the same exercises. To avoid tedium I will include a variety of exercises so my PEP is not boring. FITT Principles When using overload I can use the FITT principles of training which are: F= Frequency Frequency is to do with how often I should train. I will include 3 training sessions a week in my personal exercise plan; this is a sufficient amount as I am not a professional sportsman who will probably train around 5 times a week. By doing 3 sessions a week I will also minimise the chance of reversibility as I will not have a large gap of time when I am not exercising. To make sure that my PEP is well set out I will not have to exercise in 2 consecutive days, for example I will train on Monday, Wednesday and Friday. I= Intensity Intensity is based on how hard you push yourself whilst doing your training. It is measured by MHR (Maximum Heart Rate) for example a 3 mile run at 70% MHR. As I progress through the training programme the intensity of my exercises will increase. For the first week I may start working at 65% MHR which is not too hard however by the 6th week I will be working at 80% MHR which will be working my body very hard. T= Time Time is the length I will train for during each session of my PEP. It can vary from sprinting for 10 seconds to jogging for an hour. Time will be used in my exercise plan as I will increase the length of time spent on each exercise as I progress through the 6 weeks to show progression. T= Type There are different types of training, continuous training, fartlek training, circuit training, aerobic training and interval training, I will mainly use circuit, interval and aerobic training as these will be of most help to me. Fartlek and continuous training both contain a lot of running, which will not be useful to me as I play in goal. However I will use aerobic training as it will help me with my flexibility and agility, whilst interval and circuit training can use many exercises which I can choose myself. This will also lessen the chance of tedium occurring.

Ratio Analysis of Hcl Tech Essay

It provides software-led IT solutions, remote infrastructure management and BPO services, focused mainly on transformational outsourcing. The company leverages its extensive offshore infrastructure and global network of offices in 31 countries to deliver solutions across selected verticals including financial services, retail and consumer, life sciences, aerospace, automotive, semiconductors, telecom, media publishing and entertainment. HCL takes pride in its philosophy of â€Å"Employees First, Customers Second† which empowers their 84,403 employees to create a real value for the customers. HCL Technologies, along with its subsidiaries, had consolidated revenues of US$ 4. 5 billion, as on 31st March 2013. HCL Leadership team 2. Objectives of Study Development of industries depends on several factors such as financial, personnel, technology, quality of product and marketing. Financial aspects assume a significant role in determining the growth of industries. All the company’s operations virtually affect its need for cash. Most of these data covering operations area are however outside the direct responsibility of the financial executives. The firm whose present operations are inherently difficult should try to makes its financial analysis to enable its management to stay on top of its working position. In this context I am undertaking financial ratio analysis of HCL Technologies to examine and understand financial performance of the company. Using ratio analysis this project will provide the insights of – * The growth and development of HCL Technologies for last 5 years (FY 08-12) * The behavior of liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies * The factors determining the liquidity and profitability of HCL Technologies Scope The scope of the study is limited to financial data published in the annual reports of the company every year. The analysis is done to suggest possible solutions for financial growth of the organization. This study is carried out for 5 years (2008-2012). Also data provided by external agencies are used for analysis of future predication. 3. Concept of Financial Statement & Ratio Analysis 2 3. 2 Financial Statement To understand the information contained in financial statements with a view to know the strength or weaknesses of the organization, to make forecast about future prospects and thereby enabling the management and external parties to take different decisions regarding the operations. Fundamental analysis has a very broad scope. One aspect looks at the general (qualitative) factors of the company. The other side considers tangible and measurable factors (quantitative). This means crunching and analyzing numbers from the financial statements if used in conjunction with other methods, quantitative analysis can produce excellent results. Ratio Analysis Ratio analysis is the method or process by which relationship/group of items in the financial statement are computed, determined and presented. Ratio analysis is an attempt to derive quantitative measure or guides concerning the financial health and profitability of business enterprises. Ratio analysis can be used both in trend and static analysis. Purpose of several ratios depends on the objective of analysis. A financial ratio measures a company’s performance in a specific area. For example, you could use a ratio of a company’s debt to its equity to measure a company’s gearing. By comparing the gearing ratios of two companies, you can determine which company uses greater debt per equity. You can use this information to make a judgment as to which company is better investment risk. However, you must be careful not to place too much importance on one ratio. You obtain better indication of the direction in which a company is moving when several ratios are taken as a group. Ratios are worked out to analyze the following aspects of an enterprise: a. Solvency: i. Long term ii. Short term iii. Immediate b. Profitability c. Operational Efficiency d. Credit standing e. Effective utilization of resources f. Investment Analysis 3. 4 Significance of Ratio Analysis in Financial Statement Ratio analysis is very important in revealing the financial position and soundness of the business so used by various parties * Management: The group that has the most interest in financial statement analysis is management. Management needs to discover quickly any area of mismanagement so that corrective action can be quickly taken. It mainly helps in: * Decision making: Ratio analysis helps in making decision from the information provided in these financial Statements. Financial forecasting and planning: Planning is looking ahead and the ratios calculated for a number of years a work as a guide for the future. * Communicating: The financial strength and weakness of a firm are communicated in a more easy and understandable manner using ratios. * Co-ordination: Better communication of efficiency and weakness of an enterprise result in better co-ordination in the enterprise * Control: The weaknesses are otherwise, if any, come to the knowledge of the managerial, which helps, in effective control of the business. * Investors or Shareholders Investors are interested in financial statements to evaluate current earnings and to predict future earnings. Financial statements influence greatly the price at which stock is bought and sold. * Lenders: Bankers before granting loans usually require that financial statements be submitted. Whether or not a loan is made depends heavily on a company’s financial condition and its prospects for the future. * Employees: Employees are mainly concerned about the profitability. Their salaries and increments are dependent on the profit made by the company. * Government: